The distance by which the stylus tip extends beyond the turntable spindle when the cartridge is correctly aligned, referenced to the tonearm mounting distance.
It is a parameter of tonearm/cartridge geometry and, together with offset angle and effective length, serves to minimise tangential tracking error across the specified playback radius.
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Cartridge overhang
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Offset angle
The offset refers to the angle at which the cartridge is rotated in the headshell relative to the longitudinal axis of the tonearm. This angle is intended to ensure that the stylus is tangential to the groove and is created by the geometry of the headshell or the tonearm (J- and S-shaped tonearms).
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Phonograph
An early mechanical device that reads records and converts sound waves into mechanical motion. It was originally developed by Thomas Edison and uses a needle that tracks the grooves of a record to reproduce sound.
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Power amplifier
An amplifier that boosts the audio signal after it has been pre-amplified to a level sufficient to drive speakers. It is responsible for the final power boost needed to make the sound audible.
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Preamplifier
A device that amplifies the signal from a cartridge to a level suitable for the main amplifier. It may also offer additional functions like RIAA equalization.
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Turntable platter
The part of a record player where the record rests and spins. The turntable is crucial for maintaining consistent rotational speed, affecting playback accuracy. It can be powered by various drive systems, such as belt or direct drive.











